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Burgeoning pressure to limit greenhouse gas emissions is transforming the way businesses operate. Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is among the prominent greenhouse gases contributing to escalate global warming. The holistic process of capturing and recycling CO₂ irrespective of its emission sources, comprising automobiles, wildfire, livestock, industries, fossil fuel combustion for residential and commercial purposes, etc., is known as carbon capture & utilisation (CCU). However, CO₂ valorisation involves extraction and utilisation of CO₂ and carbon monoxide gases, specifically emitted as industrial waste.

As per the data published by the 2041 Foundation, around 2.3 trillion tonnes of CO₂ have been released into the atmosphere since the commencement of the industrial era. Almost half of this enormous volume has already been stored in geological, biological, and hydrological sources via carbon sequestration, with the remainder suspended in the atmosphere. This has resulted in a rapid and persistent increase in the concentration of atmospheric CO₂ from 275 parts per million (ppm) in 1750 to 415 ppm in 2020. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the industrial sector emitted 24 percent of the total volume of greenhouse gases emitted by all established sectors in the US from 2019 to 2020. 

In December 2015, French Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius officially unveiled the Paris Agreement-a legally binding international accord on climate change signed by 196 Parties with the common objective of limiting the impact of global warming. Moreover, several nations are drafting and imposing stringent environmental guidelines for industries to promote the capture and recycling of gas in an efficient mode as an attempt to control the rising CO₂ concentration in the atmosphere.

By employing valorisation approaches, CO₂ can be extensively used in manufacturing valuable combustible compounds, such as alcohols, methane, synthetic fuels, etc. If executed efficiently, these approaches can revolutionise the energy sector, opening avenues toward an unexplored segment of the gigantic renewable energy market.

Besides the energy sector, CO2 has widespread applications in other industries.

·         In the agriculture sector, crop yield can be increased significantly by maintaining the levels of CO₂ in the vegetative area, which can be accomplished by directly releasing captured CO₂ into the surroundings. Moreover, carbon is a key ingredient in urea fertiliser. Thus, captured CO₂ can be utilised as a carbon source in fertiliser production.

·         Captured CO₂ can be effectively consumed or utilised in the building & construction sector. CO₂ gas can be converted into mineralised form by binding it with magnesium or calcium to form bricks, or it can be incorporated into cement.

·         Captured CO₂ can be recycled in the plastics industry by substituting fossil fuels and come ahead as a key carbon source for producing wide-ranging plastic polymers such as polypropylene carbonates, polyurethane, and polycarbonates.

·         Captured CO₂ plays a vital role in the beverage industry, as it can be used as an apt source in manufacturing fizzy or carbonated drinks, which is an excellent way of recycling compressed gas.

Ingenious e-Brain Solutions (IEBS) anticipates that reaching net zero by 2050 would require rapid deployment of available low-carbon technologies as well as the widespread use of technologies that are not on the market yet; CO₂ capture volume is expected to increase marginally over the next ten years from the current level of 40 MtCO₂ per year. We believe international collaboration & substantial investment in innovation will drive down the cost and accelerate the deployment of CCU at large-scale. The overall market for CO₂ utilisation is relatively small and will remain a niche market; Most of the captured CO₂ will be sequestered rather than utilised due to the emergence of early buyers' options for carbon offsetting.

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